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Presentation slides for the January 2023 meeting of the Soil Classification Working Group, Canadian Society of Soil Science

This document is an unpublished draft manuscript of a Northern British Columbia history annotated bibliography. The document is based overwhelmingly on research into secondary sources published prior to 2016; more recent sources are not included. The annotated bibliography includes the following sections:

• Historiography
• Settlement Histories
• Alexander Begg's History of British Columbia
• R.E. Gosnell
• E.O.S. Scholefield
• Regional History
• New Histories
• Environment
• Northern History
• Ancient History
• Bibliography

File consists of a presentation folder containing the Official Report of Debates of the Legislative Assembly (Hansard) from Wednesday, February 12, 2014 Afternoon Sitting (Volume 5, Number 2) which includes a tribute to Gary Runka. Also includes a DVD.

Poster presentation at 2013 Canadian Society of Soil Science Conference

For this Northern Rockies pedological study, Dr. Paul Sanborn conducted field work jointly with researchers from the Ministry of Forests and Agriculture Canada from August 21-24, 2012, at two clusters of sites along the Alaska Highway west of Fort Nelson: near the Tetsa River crossing at km 585, and ~4.5 km west of Toad River at the "Poplars" campsite.

The focus of the study was on soils currently or recently containing permafrost as well as associated soils on nearby sites with warmer microclimates, with a total of 6 pedons described and sampled. One of these, an Organic Cryosol (pedon BC12-08), was documented in a short paper:

Sanborn, P., C. Bulmer, M. Geertsema, and S. Smith. 2022. A proposed Folic subgroup for the Organic Cryosols. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 102: 811–816. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0182

Associated soil microclimate monitoring occurred at this site, and is documented in:
Hasler A., Geertsema M., Foord V., Gruber S., Noetzli J. 2015. The influence of surface characteristics, topography and continentality on mountain permafrost in British Columbia. The Cryosphere 9: 1025–1038. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1025-2015

Some of the data from both papers was presented as a poster at the Canadian Society of Soil Science annual conference in 2013.

The highlights of the 2022 paper were presented at an online meeting of the Soil Classification Working Group of CSSS on January 20, 2023.

The sequence of site numbers is BC12-08, -09, (-10 was not used), -11, -12, -13, -14, and -15. Note that BC12-13 was described and sampled, but not photographed. An additional pedon designated as BC12-13A was located within ~10 m of BC12-13 on the same terrace, and had what appeared to be a buried fire-reddened layer under a possible buried Ah horizon. This pedon was photographed but not described or sampled.

File consists of research material regarding Granville Island street railway operations of BC Hydro Railway. Predominantly consists of photocopy reproductions, excerpts from books, and clippings from periodicals. Includes the following works: "The Granville Island Switching Operations of the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority Railway" by Sochowski and "BCER Granville Island: Extension of Industrial and Interurban Lines within Vancouver City" by Davies.

Document is a research installation layout map for the Kenneth Creek site of the Sulphur stable isotope tracer study (E.P. 886.15).

Document is a research installation layout map for the Holy Cross Creek site of the Sulphur stable isotope tracer study (E.P. 886.15).

This image appears as Figure 8 in the publication:
Sanborn, P., 2010. Soil reconnaissance of the Fort Selkirk volcanic field, Yukon (115I/13 and 14).
In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2009, K.E. MacFarlane, L.H. Weston and L.R. Blackburn
(eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Yukon. pp. 293-304. https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/ygs/yeg/2009/2009_p293-304.pdf

This PDF is a digital version of a poster presented by Sanborn and Jull at the 2009 Canadian Quaternary Association conference, Simon Fraser University.

For July 1-7, 2009, Dr. Paul Sanborn did the first soils field research at the Fort Selkirk volcanic field in central Yukon, with helicopter support and funding from the Yukon Geological Survey.

Initial findings were published in the 2009 edition of Yukon Exploration and Geology, but this paper did not include most of the laboratory data:
Sanborn, P., 2010. Soil reconnaissance of the Fort Selkirk volcanic field, Yukon (115I/13 and 14). In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2009, K.E. MacFarlane, L.H. Weston and L.R. Blackburn (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Yukon. pp. 293-304. https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/ygs/yeg/2009/2009_p293-304.pdf [Note that in Fig. 1, the labels for Camp 1 and Camp 2 on map are transposed; Camp 1 should be to the east of Camp 2.]

This image appears as Figure 2 in the publication:
Sanborn, P., 2010. Soil reconnaissance of the Fort Selkirk volcanic field, Yukon (115I/13 and 14).
In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2009, K.E. MacFarlane, L.H. Weston and L.R. Blackburn
(eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Yukon. pp. 293-304. https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/ygs/yeg/2009/2009_p293-304.pdf

This image appears as Figure 4 in the publication:
Sanborn, P., 2010. Soil reconnaissance of the Fort Selkirk volcanic field, Yukon (115I/13 and 14).
In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2009, K.E. MacFarlane, L.H. Weston and L.R. Blackburn
(eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Yukon. pp. 293-304. https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/ygs/yeg/2009/2009_p293-304.pdf

This image appears as Figure 9 in the publication:
Sanborn, P., 2010. Soil reconnaissance of the Fort Selkirk volcanic field, Yukon (115I/13 and 14).
In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2009, K.E. MacFarlane, L.H. Weston and L.R. Blackburn
(eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Yukon. pp. 293-304. https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/ygs/yeg/2009/2009_p293-304.pdf

This PDF contains site location data, annotated soil profile photographs, and AMS radiocarbon dates for 2008 soil charcoal samples collected at Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory.

File consists of a speech given by Gary Runka entitled "Managing Conservation Lands to keep Nature's Pulse Beating" for the BC Trust for Public Lands.

Commentary on this speech by Barry Smith of the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands:
"GGR's was the opening address at the workshop. While this speech is focused on the issue of Best Management Practices (BMP), comments about the ALR are woven into the presentation. This copy of the speech appears to be a draft version and includes several hand-written amendments with some points crossed out.

In the opening, mention is made of the grounding that the 2008 document "Taking Nature's Pulse: the Status of Biodiversity in British Columbia" has provided the workshop.

This speech provides an historical overview of the broader provincial context of BMP's drawn from 40 years of GGR's experience. The following is a selection of his comments:

• BMP's are part of the "tool kit" of policy and management mechanisms that have been experimented with over the decades to try to rationalize human economic activities with the needs of other species and overall ecosystem well-being.
• Historically the 1960s and 70s Canada Land Inventory program that emerged from the Resources for Tomorrow conferences was a significant benchmark mapping land capability for agriculture, forestry, recreation, wildlife and waterfowl use (of which GGR was centrally involved).
• Within BC, using the CLI, the 1973 Land Commission Act authorized the establishment of a provincial zone to protect those sacred lands with the biophysical capability to grow food.

One point was not used in the speech (crossed out). The speaking notes, however, include a reference to the Land Commission legislation originally having a complimentary conservation objective that had since been removed. GGR makes the point that still having the conservation function may have contributed positively to current struggles to preserve natural habitat. Regardless, it is noted that the concept of the ALR has been a unique, effective and, most importantly a lasting management practices tool for conserving lands identified as biophysically significant.

A further selection of points made:

• We need to evolve BMP tools that are adaptable yet resilient in the face of changing knowledge, climate change and ever-evolving social priorities.
• Traditionally, planning has been most associated with local governments in the form of official community, regional and neighbourhood plans and as an outgrowth of the ALR - Agricultural Area Plans.
• Environment Farm Planning - by agreeing to engage in the conservation planning process, participating farmers and ranchers have qualified for funding to carry out farm improvements benefitting conservation and biodiversity.
• The work of the Delta Farmland and Wildlife Trust is outlined (p. 8)
• "My final words of wisdom are - Be focused and be pragmatic"
• "Many of the best intentions to standardize land management practices for conservation lands have been great on paper - but never quite make it on the ground."
• And, if BMP are not implemented effectively on the ground, they cannot play the critical role they need to play in 'keeping nature's pulse beating'."

In July 2009, Dr. Paul Sanborn undertook the first soils field research at the Fort Selkirk volcanic field in central Yukon, with helicopter support and funding from the Yukon Geological Survey. This document is a complete transcription of field notes, with
soil and site photographs.

This image appears as Figure 11 in the publication:
Sanborn, P., 2010. Soil reconnaissance of the Fort Selkirk volcanic field, Yukon (115I/13 and 14).
In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2009, K.E. MacFarlane, L.H. Weston and L.R. Blackburn
(eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Yukon. pp. 293-304. https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/ygs/yeg/2009/2009_p293-304.pdf

This PDF contains 2009 Kluane site notes that include details of transect locations and sampling sites. Grassland pedons selected for Pautler et al. (2014) are indicated.

This PDF contains site location data, annotated soil profile photographs, and AMS radiocarbon dates for 2004 soil charcoal samples collected at Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory.

This document contains soil descriptions taken from BC and Yukon sites in 2008 for Sanborn's comparative study of grassland soils in the Boreal Cordillera ecozone.

File consists of documents relating to the construction of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway (PGE), which predominantly consist of photocopy reproductions, excerpts from books, and clippings from periodicals. Includes a chronology of the history of PGE, a list of sub-contractors who completed the Squamish sub-division, "PGE/BCR: Dease Lake Extension First 25 Years, 1968 to 1993", and "P.G.E.R. 1914 to 1923: Progressive Dates of Commencement of Passenger Service".

A comparative study of grassland soils at 3 sites in northwestern BC and southern Yukon was published as:
Sanborn, P. 2010. Topographically controlled grassland soils in the Boreal Cordillera ecozone, northwestern Canada. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90: 89-101. https://doi.org/10.4141/CJSS09048

This grew out of a field trip with Ministry of Forests range personnel to the Stikine and Tuya River valleys, near Telegraph Creek BC on August 27-28, 2007. (Two pedons were sampled in 2007, BC07-03 and BC07-04, but those results were not included in the paper.)

In August 2008, Dr. Paul Sanborn returned to the Stikine to sample pedon BC08-06, after field work in Yukon which collected the other two pedons used in the paper, from near Carmacks (Y08-39) and Kluane Lake (Y08-41). (An additional pedon from Kluane, Y08-43, was sampled and analyzed, but it was from a forested site and was not included in the paper.)

File consists of:

• "Devil's Club, Black Flies, and Snowshoes" by John Revel, 2007, 44 p. (3 copies)

This document contains pedon descriptions for sites BC07-03 & BC07-04 for Sanborn's comparative study of grassland soils in the Boreal Cordillera ecozone.

This document contains transcribed August 2007 field notes from 5 observation sites for Sanborn's comparative study of grassland soils in the Boreal Cordillera ecozone.

With the assistance of the Yukon Geological Survey, Dr. Paul Sanborn was able to visit the terminus of the Klutlan Glacier, a major outlet glacier which originates in the Alaska portion of the St. Elias Mountains. The stagnant terminus has a thick cover of debris, including a large component of White River tephra, providing enough soil material to support a boreal forest. Field work occurred on July 8, 2007, and results were published as:

Sanborn, P. 2010. Soil formation on supraglacial tephra deposits, Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90: 611-618. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss10042

Unpublished results for the Sulphur stable isotope tracer study (E.P. 886.15) were presented in annual reports to the funding agencies, including this Final Technical Report from April 2007.

This document contains location and vegetation notes for 5 observation sites for Sanborn's comparative study of grassland soils in the Boreal Cordillera ecozone.

File consists of a speech given by Gary Runka entitled "BC's Agricultural Land Reserve - Its Historical Roots" at the Post World Planners Congress Seminar.

Commentary on this speech by Barry Smith of the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands:
"Vancouver hosted the World Planners Congress in June 2006 and the day following the Congress the BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada hosted a full day seminar entitled "Planning for Food".

GGR provided an important overview of the BC farmland preservation program. The speech begins with comments outlining the factors motivating the government of the day to enact legislation to preserve agricultural land. The presentation was then broken into three time periods including:
The Formative Years (1972-1975)
The Refinement Years (1976-1996)
The Uncertain Years (1996-????)

GGR in his summary poses some less than optimistic questions and observations. He states that despite successes "there are growing
concerns that, over its history, the focus of the program has subtly shifted - from an agency devoted to farmland preservation, to a rationing board." He sees the focus on application review as being detrimental to the Commission's role of promoting and encouraging farming in the ALR. Given this shift in direction he presents several suggestions to get the program back on track.

The presentation ends with a challenge to the people of B.C. to decide whether the next segment of the B.C. farmland preservation history is entitled 'The Rebuilding Years' or not."

File consists of:

• David Mills, "Aleza Lake Research Forest Historical Internship Summary" (2 Jan. 2007), 26 p. - In print and original digital .doc file
• David Mills, "Aleza Lake Forest Experiment Station Socio-Economic Time Line 1905-1937" (2007), 68 p. - In print and original digital .doc file
• ALRFS employment paperwork for David Mills, the ALRFS Natural Resource History Intern
• Research notes, including a copy of a map of the town of Aleza Lake in the 1920s

Item is the manuscript by Sanborn and Brockley entitled "Litterfall in a lodgepole pine fertilization experiment, Sub-Boreal Spruce zone, central interior British Columbia", which was submitted to the Canadian Journal of Forest Research but not accepted.

This document includes the figures to accompany the manuscript by Sanborn and Brockley entitled "Litterfall in a lodgepole pine fertilization experiment, Sub-Boreal Spruce zone, central interior British Columbia", which was submitted to the Canadian Journal of Forest Research but not accepted.

Includes the following graphs:

• Annual lodgepole pine needle litterfall by treatment (May 1995 – May 1999)
• Annual total litterfall by treatment (May 1995 – May 1999)
• Understory biomass components in July 1999

This paper gives an overview of the experimental details and some preliminary results after recovery of the final set of litterbags.

Sanborn, P. and R. Brockley. 2005. Sulphur deficiencies in lodgepole pine: occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment. Ext. Note 71. B.C. Min. For., Res. Br., Victoria, B.C.

This document describes in detail the field sampling and sample handling procedures as used in 1999 and 2005. It omits description of bulk density sampling as this was not repeated in 2005.

Unpublished results for the Sulphur stable isotope tracer study (E.P. 886.15) were presented in annual reports to the funding agencies, including this "Sulphur Fertilization of Lodgepole Pine: A Stable Isotope Tracer Study (Ministry of Forests E.P. 886.15) - Project Y051210 - Technical Report" from April 2005.

This document provides study descriptions, lab data, and images for sites Y04-01 to Y04-04 for the paleosols at the Goldbottom site study.

This born-digital document is an unpublished report to the Geological Survey of Canada on field work data and interpretations of Inlin Brook paleosols.

This born-digital document consists of field observations for Mackenzie Valley sites N04-06 to -08, Aug. 9-10.

This PDF contains site location data and annotated soil profile photographs for soil charcoal samples at the Silver City section (site Y03-11).

As part of a multidisciplinary team led by Grant Zazula (then a Ph.D. student at Simon Fraser University; later a palaeontologist with the Government of Yukon) and Duane Froese (Professor, University of Alberta), Dr. Paul Sanborn examined a set of buried paleosols (fossil soils) preserved in frozen sediments exposed by placer mining in the spring of 2004.

The findings were published in:
Zazula, G.D., D.G. Froese, S.A. Elias, S. Kuzmina, C. La Farge, A.V. Reyes, P.T. Sanborn, C.E. Schweger, C.A.S. Smith, and R.W. Mathewes. 2006. Vegetation buried under Dawson tephra (25,300 14C yr BP) and locally diverse late Pleistocene paleoenvironments of Goldbottom Creek, Yukon, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 242: 253–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.005

The eastern flank of the Mackenzie Mountains has a complex history of multiple glaciations by both the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets, recorded in thick sequences of glacial sediments that were documented at 3 locations (Katherine Creek, Little Bear River, Inlin Brook) by:
Duk-Rodkin, A., R.W. Barendregt, C. Tarnocai, and F.M. Phillips. 1996. Late Tertiary to late Quaternary record in the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada: stratigraphy, paleosols, paleomagnetism, and chlorine-36. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33 (6): 875-895. https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-066

Of the 3 sites, the exposure on Inlin Brook, a tributary of the Keele River, was the least well-documented, so in summer 2004 Dr. Paul Sanborn joined a field party of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) based at Tulita, NWT, and was given helicopter support to visit Inlin Brook (August 5-8). A brief visit was also made to the Little Bear River site.

On August 9-10, Sanborn joined Alejandra Duk-Rodkin (GSC) and Rene Barendregt (U Lethbridge) in helicopter-assisted field work at sites in the Franklin Mountains and elsewhere east of the Mackenzie River.

Item is a detailed management plan for the following Stikine Country Protected Areas: Mount Edziza Provincial Park, Mount Edziza Protected Area (Proposed), Stikine River Provincial Park, Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park, Gladys Lake Ecological Reserve, Pitman River Protected Area, Chukachida Protected Area, Tatlatui Provincial Park.

Unpublished results for the Sulphur stable isotope tracer study (E.P. 886.15) were presented in annual reports to the funding agencies, including this FII Final Report from April 2003.

The Kluane Lake area of SW Yukon was a continuing focus of Dr. Paul Sanborn's research for more than a decade, and generated several productive collaborations. Key themes included biological soil crusts in boreal grasslands, and interactions between aeolian sediment deposition, slope processes, and fire in boreal grassland and forest soils.

Research results appeared in these publications:
Marsh, J., Nouvet, S., Sanborn, P., and Coxson, D. 2006. Composition and function of biological soil crust communities along topographic gradients in grasslands of central interior British Columbia (Chilcotin) and southwestern Yukon (Kluane). Canadian Journal of Botany 84: 717-736. https://doi.org/10.1139/b06-026

Pautler, B.G., Reichart, G.-J., Sanborn, P.T., Simpson, M.J., and Weijers, J.W.H. 2014. Comparison of soil derived tetraether membrane lipid distributions and plant-wax δD compositions for reconstruction of Canadian Arctic temperatures. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 404: 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.03.038

Sanborn, P. and A.J.T. Jull. 2010. Loess, bioturbation, fire, and pedogenesis in a boreal forest – grassland mosaic, Yukon Territory, Canada. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World 1 – 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. http://www.iuss.org/19th%20WCSS/Symposium/pdf/0120.pdf

The 2003 field work with Darwyn Coxson was a pilot study to assess the types and distribution of biological soil crusts in boreal grasslands in the Kluane Lake area. Eight sites were visited at which the team sampled the crust and the uppermost A horizon immediately underneath it. Note that site numbers Y03-03, -04, -05, -06, -07, -09, -10 and -12 were indicated as sites 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 12 in Table 1 of Marsh et al. (2006). Additional crust sampling was conducted at two additional sites (“Peninsula”, “Silver City”) in 2004; details of sampling methods and site locations are in Marsh et al. (2006).

Results from 2009 field work were presented in Sanborn and Jull (2010), along with soil charcoal radiocarbon dates from 2003-2008 sampling which were used to reconstruct fire history in the Kluane Lake area. The 2003 (a single site at Silver City), 2004, and 2008 field work consisted of a reconnaissance of grassland and forest sites across a range of aspects and slope positions in order to recover buried soil charcoal.